The Aliens Act Essay Example For Students

The Aliens Act Essay I am comparing the two plays The Crucible and Little Malcolm And His Struggle Against The Eunuchs. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in 1953, at the time of McCarthyism. Little Malcolm was written by David Halliwell in 1964. The Crucible was set before it was written; however Little Malcolm was set around the time it was written.  The Crucible is set in 1692, Salem, Massachusetts. There is a general theme of suspicion, as the Salem witch trials were what was happening at the time, and show how the suspicion and superstition led to constant accusations and harsh punishments. This idea stemmed from the original stimulus of the McCarthy communist persecutions, as does the idea of naming names to get off the hook. It was written as an allegory; Miller would not have gotten away with writing a play openly on the political affairs of the time, due to censorship laws. He himself had been in front of the House of Un-American Activities Committee (H.U.A.C.), an organisation who demanded that anyone who had attended a communist meeting had to name anyone who they had seen there. This is shown when Betty and Abigail are saying I saw with the Devil. Another likeness is the strict Puritan morals of 1692, and strict American morals in 1953. The Aliens Act was an issue at the time, an anti-immigrant law made by President Truman. We will write a custom essay on The Aliens Act specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Little Malcolm was both written and set in 1964. The play is light hearted at the beginning, but during the scene we are performing, the plot takes on a more sinister turn. It is said that the idea came from when Halliwell was expelled from art school himself, however in his case he was allowed to return after a week, when his parents discussed the matter with the principal; this clearly does not happen in Little Malcolm. The idea of the plot is loosely based upon the rise of Hitler; he wasnt taken seriously when he began his rise to power, but his charisma and powers of persuasion allowed him to achieve his aims. It is also based on the hollowness of the 1960s protest movements, to show the futility and the idea that the characters have big plans, but ones which they cant feasibly execute. The plot in The Crucible centres around accusations of witchcraft. It begins with the idea of the girls dancing naked in the woods, shown when Parris is discussing them. The next key point is when Betty is possessed so Reverend Hale is called to exorcise the Devil. It is then revealed that Abigail was dismissed from John Proctors service by his wife, as she was having an affair with John. Abigail and Betty then both begin to name names. In the next act, it transpires that there are 17 people condemned to hang for witchcraft, and that the Proctors are having a tough relationship due to Johns affair. Hale arrives to question them both, and towards the end Elizabeth Proctor is arrested. In the next act, the trial takes place. The girls pretend that Mary Warren is bewitching them, and the Judges seem to be won over by it. John, trying to defend Mary at first, ends up being accused due to Mary Warren naming him. He goes wild at the trial and ends up claiming to be a witch. Rebecca Nurse is condemned to hang, and John Proctor will be set free. After refusing to sign his confession, a lie, he is hanged. John Proctor is a strong character, a peasant farmer, and loyal to an extent. Elizabeth Proctor is a weak character, who doesnt feel girls should have so much power to hang people. Reverend Hale is a sympathetic, defensive, determined character who becomes desperate as the play progresses. Danforth is a strong character; almost merciless, not prepared to buckle under the pressure of what was going on in court and is occasionally angry. Abigail Williams is a strong, threatening, character. She is imposing, intimidating, manipulative and commands a lot of power. .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .postImageUrl , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:hover , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:visited , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:active { border:0!important; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:active , .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347 .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f65e4f4f75d9d33fefa15c5bb6be347:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kathleen Chalfant - an angel with six faces EssayIn Little Malcolm, the play is centred around Malcolm Scrawdyke, a disruptive Art student in Huddersfield, Yorkshire. He is expelled from art school for his disruptive influence, so forms his own political party, the Party of Dynamic Erection with his three friends Wick Blagdon, Irwin Ingham and Dennis Charles Nipple. Malcolm brands everyone who opposes him, especially the principal of the art school, a Eunuch. At first, they are confident that students across the nation will hurry to join them. They decide that their first revolutionary act will be to humiliate the principle of the Art college, and the first Act of the play is a series of set pieces in which the students plan their attack. While this begins as an hilarious set of scenes, it gets darker as the play progresses; Malcolm shows himself to be power-mad and deluding during the scene which we are performing; he says to Wick that he wants power for sadistic purposes, purely for its own sake, then declares Nipple dead simply for being too clever to fit in and follow orders. This scene is quite ironic, as Malcolm calls Nipple deluded, mad, and a fantasist, which is clear hypocrisy; of the group, Malcolm is the least realistic, and is clearly a fantasist. In the scenes which follow, Malcolms infatuation with Ann Gedge takes a darker turn, when he orders his cronies to beat her up with him, purely for a personal sense of power, to build up his self-esteem. As the play transpires, Malcolms acolytes abandon him, as they are more realistic than him. He is then left alone to plot one final fruitless plan, in a desperate attempt to recover a part of his original ideas.

How to Master SAT Reading Questions A 5-Step Process

How to Master SAT Reading Questions A 5-Step Process SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT Reading questions are notoriously tricky. They'll ask you to analyze passages in unfamiliar ways that seem confusing if you're not used to the format. It's helpful to have a basic game-plan for approaching tough Reading questions to make the section less overwhelming. This article lays out a step-by-step process for interpreting Reading questions and lists a few tricks you should look out for to avoid making careless mistakes. What’s in This Guide, and Who Should Read It? This guide will provide you with afive-step process for breaking down and answering tricky questionson the Reading section of the SAT.This is a list of all the steps you might consider taking to figure out Reading questions that stump you.I don’t advocate going through this entire process for every question (nor would it even be possible for many of them). Although it's presented as a step-by-step process, it doubles as a list of tips that you can use in isolation depending on the question.The new SAT Reading section has pretty straightforward question wording overall, but it’s still nice to have a strategy in mind before you dive into the test.At the end of this article, I’ll also tell you about some tricky question types you might encounter on the SAT Reading section and how you can outsmart them. If you’ve had some trouble on the SAT Reading section in the past (or know that reading just isn’t your strongest subject), the information in this article will probably benefit you. Alright, let's get nerdy. Step-By-Step: How to Correctly Interpret SAT Reading Questions In this section, I’ll walk you through a step-by-step process for interpreting reading questions.Here’s the sample question (taken from one of the College Board's new SAT practice tests) that I'll use for demonstration: I chose this question because it challenges you to consider statements made across two different passages.It also requires you to view the passage from the author’s perspective and develop some insight into his or her thought process. Some Reading questions will ask you to peer into the mind of the author. Gross. Step 1: Read the Question Quickly and Note Line Numbers First, do a quick read of the question to get a basic idea of what you’re facing.If there are line numbers in the question, circle them, and underline or bracket the corresponding lines in the passage: Step 2: Underline Key Terms After you read the question and mark the line numbers, start to pick it apart a little more so that you can zero in onits core meaning.Underline phrases that specify the type of answer you’re trying to find. Examples include: Main Idea and detail question phrases like... Best summarizes Best describes Central idea Evidence and author viewpoint question phrases like... Mainly serves to In order to Best evidence The author claims Would most likely agree Inference question phrases like... Can be inferred Most clearly implies You should also review all other parts of the question and underline any words or phrases that provide context (like paragraph and line numbers).In the sample question, I underlined the phrase â€Å"in order to† because it shows us the type of answer we want. The underlined phrasesays that this question is asking specifically about the author’s goals in including the quote in the passage: Some questions are too short or straightforward for this to be a useful tactic (there’s no point in underlining the whole question, after all).If the question is longer and asks you to consider a few different aspects of the reading, however, it's a helpful way to get your thoughts organized. Questions can seem like complex concept mazes, but if you underline key parts, you're less likely to miss the main point. Step 2.5: Rewrite the Question in Your Own Words This step may be unnecessary, but if you find that the original wording of the question is confusing to you, it's sometimes helpful to rewrite it in a way that makes more sense.For the sample question we’re using, the original wording is: In lines 61-65, the author of Passage 2 refers to a statement made in Passage 1 in order to A rewrite might look something like this: Why does the author of Passage 2 include the quote from Passage 1 in lines 61-65? Or even just: What is the purpose of the quote in lines 61-65? Often, coming up with a simpler way to phrase the question can provide you with all the clarity you need to answer it accurately. This also works for questions that include less familiar vocabulary words or concepts that aren’t directly explained. If you rephrase it, you won't have to unravel this information all over again every time you reread the question. Step 3: Predict the Answer Based on Evidence in the Passage Now that you have a clearer idea of exactly what the question is asking, you can take a look back at the section of the passage that it references.You know you’re looking for WHY the quote is included, so you should review its surrounding context: The essential question we’re considering is why the author of Passage 2 includes this quote from the author of Passage 1.In the context of the paragraph, it appears that the quote serves to point out a logical inconsistency in the argument advanced by the author of Passage 1. The author of Passage 1 stated that â€Å"according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain† the exclusion of women from politics.So, when it comes down to it, even the (misogynistic) author of Passage 1 can’t logically justify any disparity between the rights of men and women. This is emphasized in the lines following the quote where the author of Passage 2 says â€Å"If so, on what does your constitution rest?†She points out that the author of Passage 1 has no logical grounds to claim that the rights of women should be given less consideration than those of men (â€Å"those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test†). The author of Passage 2's response to the author of Passage 1. Step 4: Use Process of Elimination to Find Your Answer You’ve read the question, you’ve figured out what it means, and you’ve even anticipated the answer!Now use process of elimination to decide which option fits best with your predictions: Choice A can’t be right because the author isn’t using the quote to call the QUALIFICATIONS of the author of Passage 1 into question.She’s questioning his argument, but not necessarily his authority on the subject (although that definitely deserves to be questioned). We can also discount Choice B because it's actually the opposite of what the author intends (the first sentence of Passage 1 is the quote cited in Passage 2).She expressly points out this statement as support for her argument. Choice C is a likely answer based on our predictions in the previous step, so we’ll leave that one alone. Choice D is another answer that is the polar opposite of what we want.Passage 1 argues that women should be excluded from politics, and Passage 2 argues that this point of view is illogical and immoral.Passage 2 is not attempting to validate any of the ultimate conclusions drawn by the author of Passage 1. Step 5: Make Your Final Selection It looks like Choice C is the clear winner. Before you commit and bubble in your answer, double check everything to make sure you didn't miss any key aspects of the question. This is a crucial step if you hope to eliminate careless mistakes! 3 Tricks to Watch Out For on SAT Reading As a follow-up to the basic steps for interpreting reading questions, I'll list a few tactics the test might use to try and throw you off. Be on the lookout for these traps so you don't fall for them! Apparent Subjectivity You’ll see many of these types of phrases on the SAT Reading section: â€Å"It can be inferred† â€Å"Most nearly means† â€Å"Would most likelyagree† This terminology implies that there will be a couple of answer choices that make sense, but one will make a little more sense than the others. NOPE.Reading questions are NOT subjective, and viewing them that way will only make the test harder.There is only one accurate answer for each question, and that answer is always supported by evidence in the passage. All the other choices are flat-out wrong. Don’t make things more difficult for yourself by assuming the SAT is more complex and nuanced than it is! True Statement vs. Correct Answer This point is related to the previous section’s discussion of the â€Å"only one correct answer† rule. As I said, there is only one accurate answer for each question, and you should be able to find evidence for that answer in the text. However,there’s a big difference between a statement that’s technically accurate according to the passage and a statement that’s the correct answer to the specific question being asked. Sometimes, the SAT will include answer choices that are correct factually but don’t respond directly to the issue at hand.Take this question, for example: Choice A is the correct answer, but the paragraph appears to align with Choice D as well.The passage as a whole is pro-public transportation, but this paragraph is talking about why people are sometimes justified in choosing to drive instead.However, it’s just describing a potential counterargument, not actively advocating that public transportation should be abandoned. Questions like this are why you need to read both the question and the relevant parts of the passage carefully before deciding on an answer. Just because an answer choice appears to be true at first glance doesn’t mean that it’s the appropriate response to the question. My car counts as a form of public transportation because I pick up ALLL the ladies awww yeahhh (*buys darker sunglasses to hide secret tears of loneliness*) Deceptive Charts The Reading section now includes data interpretation questions, which means that you’re gonna have to read some Crazy Charts and Goofy Graphs (I really want this to be the title of an actual SAT subscore category). If you don’t take the time to look closely at these charts and graphs and make sure you fully understand them, you'll run into some trouble.For example, I was confused by a question based on this pie chart: To me, both A and D seemed like correct answers, but that was because I hadn’t looked at the chart closely enough to grasp exactly what it was showing me.ChoiceD is incorrect because the graph doesn’t tell us anything about the FREQUENCY of use of public transportation in these different groups of people.It only tells us the makeup of the public transportation population in terms of numbers.Unemployed people could use public transportation just as often or more often as employed people. We don’t know based on the information we've been given. This example demonstrates that it’s critical to read closely and avoid making assumptions.Pie charts may seem like an easy-to-read, friendly type of chart, but sometimes the delicious apple-cinnamon filling is laced with a few drops of Sneaky SAT Serumâ„ ¢. Even pie can betray you. TRUST NO ONE. Conclusion SAT Reading questions and answers are sometimes confusingly worded. Although the new testing format aims to make them more accessible to students, it's still smart to plan out your strategy beforehand so you don't panic if you come across a tricky one. Here's a recap of the steps you should take to interpret SAT Reading questions accurately: Step 1: Read the Question Quickly and Note Line Numbers Step 2: Underline Key Terms Step 2.5: Rewrite the Question in Your Own Words Step 3: Predict the Answer Based on Evidence in the Passage Step 4: Use Process of Elimination to Find Your Answer Step 5: Make Your Final Selection As you go through the steps, make sure you stay vigilant. The new SAT can still be tricky. Look out for: Questions that appear subjective (they're not!) Answers that are true but not correct responses to the question at hand Deceptive charts and graphs for data interpretation questions If you keep practicing these skills with real SAT Reading questions, by the time you take the test you'll be able to handle any curveballs the College Board throws your way. What's Next? The new SAT may be easier or harder for you depending on your academic strengths. Learn about ways the new SAT could be more challenging or less challenging for certain students. What's a good score on the new SAT? Find out what score you should be aiming for on the new scale out of 1600 based on your goals. The SAT isn't the best standardized testing option for everyone. Check out this article for advice on whether you should take the new SAT or the ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Internet and International Commercial Law Dissertation

Internet and International Commercial Law - Dissertation Example The Internet has become the platform for sellers to show case their goods and services which the buyers and consumers alike could access them readily at competitive prices. Internet legal hassles increase with the ever increasing usage of internet internationally. Although disputes are resolved through long existing treaties, conventions and jurisdictions, some issues relating international applications and internet regulations are yet to be addressed. The United States law is the frequently applied law to set right legal issues arising out of international internet legal difficulties concerning e-commerce of not only Americans but also people outside the American jurisdiction, Just as the United States have legislated Internet-related laws, there are Cyber-Crime Conventions, the Hague Conventions on Jurisdictions and judgments, rulings of the World Intellectual Property Organisation and the United Nations Internet Governance available for applications in the international commerce t ransactions. The Hague Choice of Court Convention aims to remove uncertainty in the issues of jurisdiction, judgement recognition in online transactions governed by International business-to-business to agreements. Obviously consumer transactions are not included. The Hague Convention’s provision for honouring of forum selection clauses will ensure incorporation jurisdiction in the international contract agreements and in turn facilitate recognition of the relevant court’s judgment as also its enforcement globally i.e amongst the signatory countries. It is noteworthy that a domestic agreement cannot designate a foreign court. Apart from International Internet law, International Internet case law has also developed over the years. For example, choice of law and recognition of judgement were an issue in La Ligue Contre Le Racisme et L'Antisemitisme v. Yahoo, in which a French court issued its judgement regarding an Internet case dealing with sale of Nazi-related items. T his became an issue in the United States when the French court’s judgement was sought to be enforced in the U.S. As most of the International Internet disputes in the United States claim jurisdiction outside the U.S., parties to the dispute application of non-American law. In Dow Jones v Gutnick, the High Court of Australia decided in favour of an Australian to bring action for defamation on a U.S. party for an Internet article published on American Server and downloaded in Australia.2 United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts This convention of 2004 aims to eliminate legal uncertainty in the use of electronic communications during the course of international commerce as the uncertainty is a potential obstacle to international commerce. Besides elimination of uncertainty, the convention aims to bring in uniform rules to be adopted so as to remove obstacles said above and to remove possible problems that may be encountered in the operation of international trade law instruments such as Letter of Credit etc. The uniform rules also recognize the parties’ freedom to select media and technologies of their choice so as to uphold the principles of technological neutrality and functional equivalence. This would ensure that electronic means chosen by the parties are in compliance with law. Thus this Convention applies where parties to a contract are from different countries.

From War to War, the world in the years 1918-1939 Essay

From War to War, the world in the years 1918-1939 - Essay Example The U.S., being the only Western country with an economy nearly unaffected by the war was in a position to assist the war-torn nations. It supplied loans to Germany and Austria, the losing parties in the Great War. Germany and Austria, on the other hand, were obliged to pay reparations to France and Great Britain. Both Great Britain and France, for their part, had to repay the U.S. which had provided them with loans in the duration of World War I. In such situation, the U.S. financial institutions saw that investments in Europe had become no longer viable and they were prompted to pull out their funds out of the continent, leaving Germany and Austria in serious economic turmoil. The U.S too suffered greatly in the economic sphere. For a time, its agricultural sector grew while there was virtually no competition from Europe, which has yet to recover from the war. However, when Europe’s farmers began to produce the same agricultural products as the Americans came up with, an ove rproduction occurred. The crisis of overproduction eventually led into the downfall of a great number of farms and agricultural enterprises. As the stock market crashed in 1929, industrial and commercial activities came to a slowdown, depriving hundreds of thousands of workers of their jobs. The market contracted further and resulted in more joblessness. This was because â€Å"consumer demand no longer sufficed to purchase all the goods that businesses produced, and when business realized that could not sell their inventories, they responded with cutbacks in production and additional layoffs† (Bentley & Ziegler, 2011, p.986). As America suffered great setbacks in its economy, a chapter in history called the Great Depression, the countries in Europe also began to experience worse economic crisis. Among those that bore the brunt is Germany. As the Great Depression wreaked havoc on the U.S. and other countries of Western Europe, the Soviet Union managed to pursue more seriously its own socialist economic programs. The Great Depression was pointed out as a sign that capitalism is a bankrupt system and that socialism is the only path towards economic development. Both V.I. Lenin and Josef Stalin were able to initiate programs that aimed to industrialize the Soviet Union, less concerned this time with external threats coming from the weakened West. Lenin, however, was pragmatic as he considered certain aspects in the economy that should bear the hallmarks of capitalist system at least for a certain period of time. Through the New Economic Policy or NEP, â€Å"large industries, banks, and transportation and communications facilities remained under state control, but the government returned small-scale industries (those with fewer than twenty workers) to private ownership† (Bentley & Ziegler, 2011, p.992). When Lenin died, however, his successor Stalin, decided to hasten the construction of a purely socialist state. He did so by overturning the NEP and i nitiating the collectivization of agriculture. The objective was apparently to bolster the efforts in national industrialization. However, Stalin’s policy led to the alienation of many peasants, especially the kulaks who benefitted much from the NEP. Discontent grew and many began to oppose the Stalin’s government. In response to this, Stalin used the full force of the state and the Communist Party in running after individuals who are suspected of opposing the policies

Traffic light controller using microprocessor

Traffic light controller using microprocessor Traffic Light Controller Using 8085 Microprocessor Aim The main aim of this project is to design a Traffic light controller using 8085 microprocessor, interfacing with peripheral device 8085, and program implementing the process. Introduction The 8085 Microprocessor is a popular Microprocessor used in Industries for various applications. Such as traffic light control, temperature control, stepper motor control, etc. In this project, the traffic lights are interfaced to Microprocessor system through buffer and ports of programmable peripheral Interface 8255. So the traffic lights can be automatically switched ON/OFF in desired sequence. The Interface board has been designed to work with parallel port of Microprocessor system. The hardware of the system consists of two parts. The first part is Microprocessor based system with 8085. Microprocessor as CPU and the peripheral devices like EPROM, RAM, Keyboard Display Controller 8279, Programmable as Peripheral Interface 8255, 26 pin parallel port connector, 21 keys Hexa key pad and six number of seven segment LEDs. The second part is the traffic light controller interface board, which consist of 36 LEDs in which 20 LEDs are used for vehicle traffic and they are connected to 20 port lines of 8255 through Buffer. Remaining LEDs are used for pedestrian traffic. The traffic light interface board is connected to Main board using 26 core flat cables to 26-pin Port connector. The LEDs can be switched ON/OFF in the specified sequence by the Microprocessor. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads. A variety of different control systems are used to accomplish this, ranging from simple clockwork mechanisms to sophisticated computerized control and coordination systems that self-adjust to minimize delay to people using the road. Traffic Controller Systems A traffic signal is typically controlled by a controller inside a cabinet mounted on a concrete pad. Although some electro-mechanical controllers are still in use (New York City still has 4,800), modern traffic controllers are solid state. The cabinet typically contains a power panel, to distribute electrical power in the cabinet; a detector interface panel, to connect to loop detectors and other detectors; detector amplifiers; the controller itself; a conflict monitor unit; flash transfer relays; a police panel, to allow the police to disable the signal; and other components. Fixed Time Control The simplest control system uses a timer (fixed-time): each phase of the signal lasts for a specific duration before the next phase occurs; this pattern repeats itself regardless of traffic. Many older traffic light installations still use these, and timer-based signals are effective in one way grids where it is often possible to coordinate the traffic lights to the posted speed limit. They are however disadvantageous when the signal timing of an intersection would profit from being adapted to the dominant flows changing over the time of the day. Dynamic Control Dynamic, or actuated, signals are programmed to adjust their timing and phasing to meet changing traffic conditions. The system adjusts signal phasing and timing to minimize the delay of people going through the intersection. It is also commonplace to alter the control strategy of a traffic light based on the time of day and day of the week, or for other special circumstances such as a major event causing unusual demand at an intersection. The controller uses input from detectors, which are sensors that inform the controller processor whether vehicles or other road users are present, to adjust signal timing and phasing within the limits set by the controllers programming. It can give more time to an intersection approach that is experiencing heavy traffic, or shorten or even skip a phase that has little or no traffic waiting for a green light. Detectors can be grouped into three classes: in-pavement detectors, non-intrusive detectors, and detection for non-motorized road users. Working Program Design of a microprocessor system to control traffic lights. The traffic light arrangement is as shown in Fig. The traffic should be controlled in the following manner. 1) Allow traffic from W to E and E to W transition for 20 seconds. 2) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 3) Allow traffic from N to 5 and 5 to N for 20 seconds 4) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 5) Repeat the process. Source Program: MVI A, 80H: Initialize 8255, port A and port B OUT 83H (CR): in output mode START: MVI A, 09H OUT 80H (PA): Send data on PA to glow R1 and R2 MVI A, 24H OUT 81H (PB): Send data on PB to glow G3 and G4 MVI C, 28H: Load multiplier count (40Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL DELAY: Call delay subroutine MVI A, 12H OUT (81H) PA: Send data on Port A to glow Y1 and Y2 OUT (81H) PB: Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4 MVI C, 0AH: Load multiplier count (10Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL: DELAY: Call delay subroutine MVI A, 24H OUT (80H) PA: Send data on port A to glow G1 and G2 MVI A, 09H OUT (81H) PB: Send data on port B to glow R3 and R4 MVI C, 28H: Load multiplier count (40Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL DELAY: Call delay subroutine MVI A, 12H OUT PA: Send data on port A to glow Y1 and Y2 OUT PB: Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4 MVI C, 0AH: Load multiplier count (10Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL DELAY: Call delay subroutine JMP START Delay Subroutine: DELAY: LXI D, Count: Load count to give 0.5 sec delay BACK: DCX D: Decrement counter MOV A, D ORA E: Check whether count is 0 JNZ BACK: If not zero, repeat DCR C: Check if multiplier zero, otherwise repeat JNZ DELAY RET: Return to main program References v www.rbainnovations.com//A%208085/H%20Traffic%20light%20controller-n.doc v www.freshpatents.com/-dt20090702ptan20090167561.php v http://www.8085projects.info/page/free-programs-for-8085-microprocessor.aspx v http://www.8085projects.info/post/Traffic-Light-Control.aspx v U.S.Shah, Microprocessor and its applications, Tech- Max Pulications, Pune.

age discrimination Essay -- essays research papers

Age Discrimination The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA's protections apply to both employees and job applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his/her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training. It is also unlawful to retaliate against an individual for opposing employment practices that discriminate based on age or for filing an age discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under the ADEA. The ADEA applies to employers with 20 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. ADEA protections include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Apprenticeship Programs It is generally unlawful for apprenticeship programs, including joint labor-management apprenticeship programs, to discriminate on the basis of an individual's age. Age limitations in apprenticeship programs are valid only if they fall within certain specific exceptions under the ADEA or if the EEOC grants a specific exemption.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job Notices and Advertisements The ADEA generally makes it unlawful to include age preferences, li...

Pepsi’s Marketing Mix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 2 MISSION STATEMENT 3 VISSION 3 ABOUT Pepsi 3 CORPORATE OVERVIEW AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 4 5C ANALYSIS 5 6P’S OF A BUSINESS 8 CREATIVE STRATEGY OF Pepsi 13 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 13 SWOT ANALYSIS 14 CONCLUSION 15 ABSTARCT The marketing plan is central to the business plan. Marketing research helps you define your product or service, the target market, and the competition. Pricing your product is an important step that must begin with an understanding of the total cost of the product or service. Markup percentage, gross margin percentage, production costs, non-production costs, and profit must all be considered when deciding price. Promotions and advertising should be planned for at least a year in advance, taking into account seasonal fluctuations, high and low sales times, competitors’ INTRODUCTION Pepsi is currently one of the most successful consumer product company in the world its annual revenue exceeding $30 billion and has more that 480,000employees. pepsi co. inc. as began as a successor to a company incorporated in the 1931known as loft inc. once known as Pepsi cola. , the company expanded its business and adopted its current name Pepsi co. after a merger with Frito-lay in 1965. the merger dramatically increased its market potential and set the foundation of company’s tremendous growth. Pepsi co. ’s products are recognized and are the most respected all around the globe. They operate main three devisions: beverages ,snack foods and restaurants. In each of these business the Pepsi co. as attained a leadership position as being the world leader in the soft drink bottling . The corporation increasing the success has been based on high standards of performance , marketing strategies, competitiveness, determination, commitment and the personal and professional integrity of their people, product and their business practices. Mission Pepsi is continuously striving for synergy between technology system and human resource to provide product and services to meet the quality, performance and price aspirants of customers. hile doing so it maintains the highest standard of ethics and social responsibilities, innovative product and processes and develop team that keep the momentum going to take the company to excellence in the new millennium. Vision PepsiCo's responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate – environment, social, economic – creating a better tomorrow than today. † Our vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company. About Pepsi Pepsi-Cola North America is the refreshment beverage unit of PepsiCo, Inc. , in the United States and Canada. Its U. S. brands include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Aquafina, Sierra Mist, IZZE, SoBe, Mug, Tropicana Twister Soda, Tropicana Juice Drinks, Dole and Ocean Spray single-serve juices. The company also makes and markets North America's best-selling ready-to-drink iced teas and coffees, respectively, via joint ventures with Lipton and Starbucks. From its humble beginnings over a century ago, Pepsi-Cola has grown to become one of the best-known, most-loved products throughout the world. Today, the company continues to innovate, creating new products, new flavors and new packages in varying shapes and sizes to meet the growing demand for convenience and healthier choices. Pepsi is constantly on the lookout for ways to ensure their consumers get the products they want, when they want them and where they want them. The Pepsi cola drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks. Corporate Overview and Financial Performance PepsiCo, Inc. is one of the most successful consumer products companies in the world, with 2000 revenues of over $20 billion and 125,000 employees. The company consists of: Frito-Lay Company, the largest manufacturer and distributor of snack chips; Pepsi-Cola Company, the second largest soft drink business and Tropicana Products, the largest marketer and producer of branded juice. PepsiCo brands are among the best known and most respected in the world and are available in about 190 countries and territories. In 2000, PepsiCo has a reported net sale of $20,348 and a comparable net sale of $20,144 in comparison to its 1999’s net sales of $20,367 and $18,666 respectively. PepsiCo has increased its comparable net sale of 8% in 2000 while it had an increase of 15% in 1999. This reflects the increasing rate is going slower. On the other hand, PepsiCo’s interest expense declines 39% showing that the company is significantly lower the average debt level. Back to 1999, the report shows that the company’s interest expense dropped 8%, which indicates that the company is performing well in managing its financial strategies. More details about the financial performance of the company will be discussed in the later part of this paper. Company PepsiCo's overall mission is to increase the value of shareholder's investment. They do this through sales growth, cost controls and wise investment of resources. They believe their commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to their consumers and customers; providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound; and providing a fair return to their investors while adhering to the highest standards of integrity. In order to profitably satisfy customer needs, the firm first must understand its external and internal situation, including the customer, the market environment, and the firm's own capabilities. Furthermore, it needs to forecast trends in the dynamic environment in which it operates. A useful framework for performing a situation analysis is the 5 C Analysis. The 5C analysis is an environmental scan on five key areas especially applicable to marketing decisions. It covers the internal, the micro-environmental, and the macro-environmental situation. The 5 C analysis is an extension of the 3 C analysis (company, customers, and competitors), to which some marketers added the 4th C of collaborators. The further addition of a macro-environmental analysis (climate) results in a 5 C analysis, some aspects of which are outlined below. The Image of Pepsi co. in the global market is really very excellent. They use the new Technology and they have lots of years of experience in this market. Their ultimate Goals are to achieve highest share in the market. Collaborators The Pepsi co. has Distributors in whole world. Their distribution strategy is different than the others. Their distribution partners are Pepsi co. has suppliers and alliances all over the world. Which helps them to distribute their products to each of the market in each country. The distribution channel make the easy supply of goods. Customers Pepsi co. has potential customers to be a successful organization. The Market size and growth is fully based on the ultimate customers. Market segmentation of the product in whole world Geographic, Demographic, Behavioral and Psychographic. The company provides Benefits that consumer is seeking, tangible and intangible. The customer can give Motivation behind purchase; value drivers, benefits vs. osts. Frequency of purchase can give idea about how many customers repeat their product. Seasonal factors works for increasing the sales. It is a trend that how consumer needs and preferences change over time will affect the company. Competitors OVERALL MARKET SHARE COCA-COLA 43. 9% PEPSI COLA 30. 9% CADBURY SCHWEPPES 14. 5% BREAKDOWN OF MARKET SHARE COCA-COLA CLASSIC 20. 6% PEPSI COLA 14. 5% DIET COKE 8. 5% MOUNTAIN DEW 6. 3% SPRITE 6. 2% Pep si is situated in an environment that is ever changing and dynamic. Pepsi must be concerned of changing taste of the consumer and be able to respond to that need immediately or risk losing market share. They also need to be financially strong to keep up with a powerhouse like Coca-Cola and be able to strike back in the long running cola war. Pepsi must also be able to respond to different cultures in the international environment. Actual or potential competition is going on in the market. Direct or indirect: Pepsi have direct competitors like coke, thumps up, etc. Products: they all have same kind of product soft drinks. Strengths and weaknesses of competitorscan make easy success to the company to survive in he market. Climate The climate or macro-environmental factors are: Political & regulatory environment – governmental policies and regulations that affect the market share of the Pepsi. The price of the all soft drink has to at their cut through level because the Economic environment – business cycle, inflation rate, interest rates, and other macroeconomic issues. Day by day Pepsi makes new soft drinks as Social/Cultural environment society's trends and fashions make the different taste in the soft drinks. The advertisement strategy makes different sense. Technological environment – new knowledge that makes possible new ways of satisfying needs; the impact of technology on the demand for existing products. Build a solid foundation for your organization's marketing efforts Why balancing the 6 P's is crucial to success Keys to the successful marketing mix Knowing what's right for your organization The six P's of marketing are the updated version of the tried-and-true 4 P's. Understanding each of the 6 P's and how to use them can help your marketing results skyrocket. We'll cover each of the 6 P's: From this workshop, you'll get a solid understanding of the foundations of marketing strategy and how the pieces fit together. Whether you have a product or service, are profit-based or non-profit, the 6 P's can put you on the right track. Presidents, executive directors and managers responsible for marketing – anyone involved with creating the marketing vision for your organization. A solid understanding of the elements of marketing and how your organization can use the 6 P's to improve your marketing results. How to use the six basic elements of marketing Key factors for great strategies on pricing, product, target markets, promotions and more Secrets to creating the best marketing mix for your organization How to balance the 6 P's for your organization or company Identifying the right product, right people, right place and right promotion The 6 P's — The Building Blocks of Marketing features an interactive presentation and discussion, along with group exercises, to help you understand the power and the beauty of the perfect marketing mix. Marketing objectives To be most effective objective at any level should meet the following four criteria which Pepsi co. is in, The objectives are relevant to the high level of objectives. They are challenging but still sustainable. They are measurable. They are time specific. Pepsi marketing strategies Pepsi has the concentration segment, targeted the youth segment instead of trying to be something to all segment. pepsi achieve the international position as a drink for th new generation. Papsi has been successful in positioning itself for the younger generation. Promotion Pepsi has promoted it’s all product by every means of promotion. They have done Advertising through the electronic media TV, radio, and internet. The public relations and other promotion has done by the Pepsi. Promotional agreements they have signed with the retailers which include the pizza hut or KFC. Selling process: Pepsi has very well managed selling system. Different stock keeping units. And distributed to the distributer and they supply to the retailers. Pepsi soft drinks are produced in the very well managed selling system. For every rout there is a rout agent who cover maximum shops each day, so that regular supply of soft drink is made. The rout agent takes the order from the shopkeeper and move to the next. They have some agency in each rout. They supply in the areas where truck could not reach. These areas are called indirect routs. Product People satisfy their needs and wants with their product and services. A product is anything that can be offered to market to satisfy a need or a want. The concept of product is not limited to physical objects. To maintain its high quality and standards of its product the company has highly equipped lab for testing the quality of carbon dioxide and the level of sugar in the product. Pepsi is one of the most core products of the organization and the company puts in the lot of effort to retain its image through its highly professional team. The members of the organization work day and night making every possible effort to attain the organizational goals and achieve excellence. Price Pepsi has adopted market penetration pricing strategy at that time when it was introduced but now it is on the same level of its competitor coca cola. Providing quality products at the lowest rates had always been one of the main concern of Pepsi. The price of Pepsi is very copetitve with the highest quality. Place Place includes the company activitiesthat make product to the available to target customers. Pepsi is placed the market according to the extent of the target market located in the particular geographical area. Retail stores are placed all around the franchise areas in order to ensure the availability of the product. The distribution network also works according to the promotional campaign or the season. * P*ositioning The activity that communicate the merits of the product in order to persuade the target customers to buy it. Advertiserscan choose among as number of positioning approaches , depending on what the situation analysis revels about the strength of that product , the needs of their customers and action of their competitors. Following are the positions available to the advisors. Positioning by product differences. Against the particular competitor. Against entire product category. By association. By problem. In order to the Pepsi, depend on the market conditions, Positioning by product usage Positioning by association Positioning against particular competitor. Production Production and process: flexibility or fixed? Services: the sky is the limit Looking at the future for production activities, and opportunities for free publicity. Customer service may be the most important element in your total marketing strategy. Use, evaluate, and revise your marketing plan regularly. Creative strategy of Pepsi The creative strategy is the plan to defines three advertising efforts. The art direction The artistic design of the advertising. The production values. Various audio and visual components and stylistic touch make up the advertisement and the copy platform , a check list providing the background information that copywriter and art director need to craft the advertisement. Managing the advertising efforts by Planning, organizing, Implementing and controlling Distribution system The Pepsi co. has Indirect distribution system. The distribution of the product is done as under Manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumers. *SWOT *analysis Strength: The brand name is the highest strength of the organization, which is known s excellent. Managing the highest quality by using the latest equipment in order to produce best hygienic product. The easy availability in the market is the second strength. Highly skilled professionalize working. The company enjoys the brand loyalty which is plus point for the organization. The market share covered by the company is also a great strength. Weakness: The packaging of the product is sometime difficu lt for the product to maintain. Provide opportunities to the competitors by not covering rural areas in the different countries. The lack of Advertisement in rural area. Opportunities: The company has opportunities to develop their sales force in rural areas. Post mix operation can be expanded in order to make the product available at all times. New and innovative products have always been acted as opportunity to the organization. Threats: The biggest threat for the organization is itscompetitors. so Pepsi needs to develop the strategy keeping in mind for their reorganization. The government policies and changing requirement of the customers can effect the operations of the company. Conclusion Pepsi has 37% global market share operating in 190 countries. At every level of Pepsi co. Take great care to ensure that highest standards are met in everything they do. In their production, marketing , advertising and packaging they strives for excellence because they think their customers deserves better quality products. They promise to work towards improvements in all areas of their organization. They also follow the strict quality procedures during manufacturing and filling of their packages. Additional quality control measures helps to ensure the integrity of Pepsi products throughout the distribution process. References http://www. fixyourmarketing. com/workshops/sixp. htm http://www. missouribusiness. net/sbtdc/docs/marketing. pdf http://www. scribd. com/doc/15434619/Pepsi-Project Phillip Kotler (2004). Marketing management, 11th edition (page 590). Delhi: Pearson Education. http://www. pepsico. com/Company/Our-History. html http://newswiretoday. com/news/57876/ Mickey gill (2006). 1000 coke or Pepsi? : 1000 Coke or Pepsi questions to ask your friends? Longwood,FL